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State atheism
State atheism was an official policy of anti-clericalism in the Soviet Union and other Marxist-Leninist countries. The Soviet Union used the term ''gosateizm'', a syllabic abbreviation of "state" (''gosudarstvo'') and "atheism" (''ateizm''), to refer to a policy of expropriation of religious property, publication of information against religion and the official promotion of anti-religious materials in the education system. Governments that have implemented official policies of anti-clericalism oppose religious institutional power and influence in all aspects of public and political life, including the involvement of religion in the everyday life of the citizen.
The United States, and other secular countries, have used international treaties like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights to campaign for freedom of religion within politically repressive governments.〔
==Human rights==
(詳細はUniversal Declaration of Human Rights is designed to protect the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. In 1993, the UN's human rights committee declared that article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights "protects theistic, non-theistic and atheistic beliefs, as well as the right not to profess any religion or belief."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=CCPR General Comment 22: 30/07/93 on ICCPR Article 18 )〕 The committee further stated that "the freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief necessarily entails the freedom to choose a religion or belief, including the right to replace one's current religion or belief with another or to adopt atheistic views." Signatories to the convention are barred from "the use of threat of physical force or penal sanctions to compel believers or non-believers" to recant their beliefs or convert.〔 Despite this, minority religions were still being still persecuted in many parts of the world.
Theodore Roosevelt condemned the Kishinev pogrom in 1903, establishing a history of U.S. presidents commenting on the internal religious liberty of foreign countries.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Responding to Religious Freedom and Presidential Leadership: A Historical Approach )〕 In Franklin D. Roosevelt's 1941 State of the Union address, he outlined Four Freedoms, including Freedom of worship, that would be foundation for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and future U.S. diplomatic efforts.〔 Jimmy Carter asked Deng Xiaoping to improve religious freedom in China, and Ronald Reagan told US Embassy staff in Moscow to help Jews harassed by the Soviet authorities.〔〔http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/384507/jewish/Mission-to-Russia.htm〕 Bill Clinton established the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom with the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998, in order to use diplomacy to promote religious liberty in repressive states.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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